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Battle of Fariskur
The Battle of Fariskur was the last major battle of the Seventh Crusade. The battle was fought on April 6, 1250, between the Crusaders led by King Louis IX of France (later Saint Louis)〔Louis IX was proclaimed a Saint by Pope Boniface VIII in 1297〕 and Egyptian forces led by Turanshah of the Ayyubid Dynasty. Following an earlier Crusader defeat at the Battle of Al Mansurah, Fariskur resulted in the complete defeat of the crusader army and the capture of Louis IX.
==Background==
With the full support of Pope Innocent IV during the First Council of Lyon, King Louis IX of France accompanied by his brothers Charles d'Anjou and Robert d'Artois launched the Seventh Crusade against Egypt. The aims of the crusade were to defeat Egypt, destroy the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria and recover Jerusalem which the Muslims recaptured in 1244.
The ships entered the Egyptian waters and the troops of the Seventh Crusade disembarked at Damietta in June 1249. Louis IX sent a letter to as-Salih Ayyub.〔"As you know I am the ruler of the Christian nation I do know you are the ruler of the Muhammadan nation. The people of Andalusia give me money and gifts while we drive them like cattle. We kill their men and we make their women widows. We take the boys and the girls as prisoners and we make houses empty. I have told you enough and I have advised you to the end, so now if you make the strongest oath to me and if you go to Christian priests and monks and if you carry kindles before my eyes as a sign of obeying the cross, all these will not persuade me from reaching you and killing you at your dearest spot on earth. If the land will be mine then it is a gift to me. If the land will be yours and you defeat me then you will have the upper hand. I have told you and I have warned you about my soldiers who obey me. They can fill open fields and mountains, their number like pebbles. They will be sent to you with swords of destruction." Letter from Louis IV to as-Salih Ayyub - (Al-Maqrizi, p.436/vol.1 )〕 Emir Fakhr ad-Din Yussuf the commander of the Ayyubid garrison in Damiette retreated to the camp of the Sultan in Ashmum-Tanah 〔Ashmum-Tanah, now town of Dakahlia - Al-Maqrizi, note p.434/vol.1〕 causing a great panic among the inhabitants of Damietta who fled the town leaving the bridge that connected the west bank of the Nile with Damiette intact. After occupying the Egyptian port of Damietta in June 1249 he decided to march to Cairo, encouraged by the arrival of reinforcement led by his third brother Alphonse de Poitiers and the news of the death of as-Salih Ayyub the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt. The Franks succeeded in crossing the Canal of Ashmum (known today by the name al-Bahr al-Saghir) and launched a surprise attack against the Egyptian camp in Gideila, two miles away from Al Mansurah.〔(Gideila and Al Mansurah on map. )〕 The Egyptian troops in the camp, who were taken by surprise, retreated to Al Mansurah and the crusaders proceeded towards the town. The leadership of the Egyptian force passed to the Mamluk commandants Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari who succeeded in reorganizing the retreating troops. Shajar al-Durr who was in full charge of Egypt agreed about the plan of Baibars to defend Al Mansurah.〔Qasim,p.18〕 Baibars ordered the opening of a gate to let the knights of the crusaders enter the town. The crusaders rushed into the town that they thought was deserted to find themselves trapped inside. The crusaders were besieged from all directions by the Egyptian forces and the town's population and heavy losses were inflicted upon them. Robert de Artois (brother of Louis IX) who took refuge in a house〔Lord of Joinville, 110, part II〕〔Asly, p.49〕〔Skip Knox, ''Egyptian Counter-attack, The Seventh Crusade''〕 and William of Salisbury were among those who were killed in Al Mansurah. Only five Knights Templar survived the battle.〔according to Matthew Paris, Only 2 Templars, 1 Hospitaller and one ‘contemptible person’ escaped〕 The crusaders were forced to retreat in disorder to Gideila where they camped within a ditch and wall. Early in the morning of February 11, the Muslim forces launched an offensive against the Franks' camp. For many weeks the Franks were forced to remain in their camp enduring an exhausting guerilla war.〔After the crusaders captured Damietta, general emergency was declared in Egypt, called al-Nafir al-Am Commones joined the battling zone and raided the crusaders camp frequently — Al-Maqrizi, p.446/vol.1, p.456/vol1. Ibn Taghri, pp.102-273/vol.6.〕 Many crusaders were captured and taken to Cairo.〔Al-Maqrizi, p.447/vol.1〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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